|
|
Le propre de l'étranger
par Guy Félix Duportail [07-01-2010]
Site internet : la viedesidées.fr
Figure centrale de la philosophie allemande contemporaine, Bernhard Waldenfels questionne, à partir d'une lecture phénoménologique, ce qui fait le propre de l'étranger. Son livre développe tout autant une pensée politique forte sur ce qui fait l'identité de l'Europe au moment où celle-ci s'inquiète de la place des étrangers.
Recensé : Bernhard Waldenfels, Topographie de l'étranger, Paris, Van Dieren, 2009. Traduit par Francesco Gregorio, Frédéric Moinat, Arno Renken, Michel Vanni. 261 p., 395 g., 22 euros.
Topographie de l'étranger est le premier livre de Bernhard Waldenfels traduit en français. Berhnard Waldenfels est un philosophe majeur sur la scène de la philosophie contemporaine allemande. Il est l'auteur d'une trentaine de livres, traduits dans de nombreuses langues. C'est pourquoi l'initiative des traducteurs du groupe de la Riponne (Lausanne) et des éditions Van Dieren (Paris) doit tout d'abord être saluée. Une méconnaissance fâcheuse est enfin levée. L'ouvrage, qui regroupe plusieurs textes, décline les notions de lieu et d'espace autour des thèmes de l'identité, de l'altérité, de l'interculturalité, de l'Europe et du nationalisme. Dans son ensemble, le livre est une réponse à un défi auxquels nous sommes tous, mais chacun à notre manière, confrontés : à savoir que le monde dans lequel nous vivons, pas plus que la maison dans laquelle nous habitons, ne sont jamais totalement les nôtres. Le sujet n'est pas maître des lieux. Il n'y a pas, au fond, de monde ou de lieu où nous soyons totalement « chez nous ». L'étranger, nous apprend Waldenfels, surgit en même temps que le propre, il naît d'une scission originelle et irréductible, quoi qu'il en soit de nos désirs de possession et d'appropriation, aussi vieux que le rationalisme de la philosophie occidentale. L'étranger ne s'oppose donc pas au même, mais au soi (αυτός, ipse) et à ce qui lui est propre. Face à lui, il est clair que nous sommes ambivalents, que nous oscillons entre l'attirance et la répulsion. Souvent, nous le refusons et le refoulons, notamment dans une fixation identitaire et nationaliste. Mais, on peut aussi lui répondre dans le style de Waldenfels, c'est-à-dire de manière telle que « au lieu d'aller directement vers l'étranger et de demander ce qu'il est et à quoi il est bon, il convient de partir de l'inquiétude provoquée par l'étranger. L'étranger est ce à quoi nous répondons et avons à répondre»
L'héritage de la phénoménologie
C'est dans les pas de Husserl et de sa thématisation de l'intersubjectivité que Bernhard Waldenfels construit sa propre réponse. Celle-ci, informée également par les philosophes français (Derrida, Levinas, Foucault) et la littérature (Kafka), consiste en une radicalisation critique de l'opposition entre le propre et l'étranger thématisée dans les Méditations Cartésiennes. En bon phénoménologue, Waldenfels ne sépare pas ici l'état de chose thématisé de son mode de donation phénoménal, c'est-à-dire de son mode d'accès ou de son apparition à la conscience. Or, ce qui est crucial dans le phénomène de l'étranger, c'est justement son mode d'accès. L'étrangeté nous apparaît comme ce qui nous est originairement inaccessible, comme une absence qui nous requiert, qui nous appelle. Par exemple, j'entends une langue étrangère, et je la découvre comme étrangère au moment même où je ne la comprends pas. L'étrangeté se donne par conséquent sous la forme d'un paradoxe : comme une accessibilité à ce qui reste inaccessible originaliter. L'alter ego, la conscience de l'autre homme, fut pour Husserl, comme on le sait, le premier exemple de l'étranger comme inaccessible accessible. Waldenfels généralise ce geste de Husserl. L'expérience comme telle devra désormais être comprise comme une réponse à l'événement affecté d'étrangeté. Les choses qui nous arrivent - auxquelles nous répondons toujours trop tôt ou toujours trop tard - sont alors étrangères. Il n'y aura pas non plus une seule étrangeté, mais une infinité d'expériences de l'étranger. La pluralité des formes de l'étrangeté vient du fait que l'accessibilité à l'inaccessible dépend de certaines conditions, du fait également que cet accès paradoxal existe en fonction d'ordres qui se manifestent dans chaque monde sous des formes particulières. Chaque ordre de vie opère des sélections et des exclusions spécifiques, et il crée ainsi des conditions d'accessibilité et d'inaccessibilités variables et différentes d'un monde à un autre. L'étrangeté surgira dès lors dans le dérangement des ordres propre à un monde et elle sera à chaque fois différente. Enfin, cette pluralité tient au caractère essentiellement occasionnel de l'étranger. Tout comme la distribution des rôles entre Je et Tu est relative et occasionnelle, l'étranger sera toujours l'étranger d'un propre, en contexte. Quelqu'un a toujours son étranger, comme il a ses amis et ses ennemis, en propre. L'étrangeté n'est donc pas une propriété générale comme la couleur rouge ou l'étendue des corps. La topographie du propre et de l'étranger, résonne ainsi jusque dans l'interdiscursivité (au sens des ordres de discours de Foucault), et dans l'interculturalité des peuples et dans l'ordre des états-nations. L'intérêt de cette approche est sensible et dépasse de beaucoup le cadre de la communauté philosophique. Une façon de mesurer cet intérêt est de saisir les solutions qu'il préconise pour certains problèmes. Nous ne prétendons pas ici tous les rapporter
Les problèmes de l'étranger
Premier problème exemplaire : comment généraliser l'étranger sans le supprimer, ou, dans la version épistémique du problème, comment pratiquer une science de l'étranger (la xénologie) sans supprimer son objet au fur et à mesure qu'on le découvre ? Supprimer l'étrangeté par généralisation, c'est ce que fait - malgré elle - Julia Kristeva lorsqu'elle dit, dans Etrangers à nous-mêmes, « l'étrange est en moi, donc nous sommes tous des étrangers. Si je suis étranger, il n'y a pas d'étrangers ». L'universalité et la différence sont alors sauvées, mais de la mauvaise façon. L'énoncé « Nous sommes tous des étrangers » annule l'énonciation par une fonction universelle. Car, le « Je que nous sommes tous relève du dit et non du dire » souligne Waldenfels. Par suite, répondre au plan du dire ne doit pas être confondu avec l'énoncé de caractères propres à l'étranger sur les lesquels je m'exprime dans un dit. De même, ce n'est qu'à renoncer à son objectivation dans un thème que je ne supprime pas l'étranger dans l'acte de le connaître. Ce n'est qu'en destinant un devenir étranger à l'expérience et à ses phénomènes en général, en tant que l'expérience devient lieu de ruptures et d'événements surprenants auxquels je réponds, que je ne considère plus l'étranger comme un objet sur lequel je tiendrais un discours de maîtrise et d'appropriation. Dans ces conditions une xénologie est possible
Deuxième problème exemplaire : quelle est la forme propre de l'Europe ? Cette question, qui ne se la pose pas, en effet, dans l'actuelle communauté européenne ! Cependant, toute la question réside ici sur le lieu du questionner. Cette question qui surgit depuis l'intérieur de l'Europe, nous pouvons toutefois l'entendre comme une mise en question et une interrogation de l'Europe depuis l'extérieur de l'Europe, puisque, comme le remarque Waldenfels, il existe une ethnologie de nous-même à travers l'autre. On peut et on doit dès lors se poser la question de l'Europe non plus dans la perspective d'une sphère du propre élargie avec ses amis et ses proches - et où alors placer la limite de l'Europe, comme le montre exemplairement le débat sur l'intégration de la Turquie - mais bien plutôt comme une sphère étrangère pour un regard venant d'ailleurs. Ce n'est que depuis ce regard ex-centré que pourrait nous apparaître l'étrangeté de notre origine, et que pourrait se dégager autre chose que cette fiction de la synthèse eurocentrique où le propre et l'universel, le propre et la totalité (l'universalisme européen) fusionnent de manière fallacieuse. L'eurocentrisme présuppose l'exclusion du contraste entre le propre et l'étranger et, avec lui, les chances d'un universalisme latéral, fondé sur l'entrelacement du propre et de l'étranger non supprimé. Autrement dit, il nous faudrait « savoir aimer le Sud au Nord et le Nord au Sud » comme eût dit Nietzsche. L'originalité de Waldenfels consiste ici à proposer la figure de l'Europe comme réponse. L'Europe ne serait ni une Idée, ni un Telos, mais une réponse. Une réponse à quoi ?. À son étrangeté : « Si l'on voulait parler de l'Europe sans eurocentrisme - écrit Waldenfels - sans narcissisme culturel, on devrait parler en même temps du non-européen, du non-européen à l'intérieur et à l'extérieur de l'Europe. Le lieu à partir duquel nous répondons à l'étranger ne nous appartient pas, il est extraterritorial (...). Il correspond à une Europe anonyme, qui a (...) reçu son nom d'ailleurs »
Troisième problème exemplaire : il y a un paradoxe esthétique contenu dans l'expérience de l'étranger, car celle-ci repose sur une énigme topologique. Dans l'accès à l'inaccessible, je suis ici, mais je suis aussi là bas, là où je ne peux pas être. La réponse à l'étranger que nous venons de mentionner à plusieurs reprises présuppose donc un mouvement propre qui évoque un changement de lieu, et qui, cependant, part de l'étranger. La philosophie de Waldenfels implique de toute évidence une révision de notre conception de l'espace homogène et idéal divisé en parties au profit d'une pluralité de lieux de l'étranger qui, ensemble, ne forment pas une totalité, mais plutôt des réseaux. S'il existe une philosophie de l'étranger ce ne peut être qu'à partir d'un lieu (ou des lieux) de l'étranger. Il faut donc penser ce lieu d'où Waldenfels parle lui-même. C'est là l'aspect décisif de « topographie de l'étranger ». Il est d'ailleurs révélateur que le titre du livre fasse directement référence à la question du lieu. L'étrangeté est liée par essence à la spatialité. Or, s'il y a des lieux étrangers « ce ne peut être que sur le sol de champs spatiaux ancrés et orientés corporellement » souligne Waldenfels. En fait, ces lieux sont aussi des non-lieux, au sens où, comme nous l'avons dit, ils sont en situation d'exclusion dans un ordre. Les lieux de l'étranger, par définition, se dérobent aux réseaux ordonnés des lieux propres, à la manière d'une atopie ou encore d'une hétérotopie foucaldienne. Ils seraient donc plutôt des non-lieux situés sur l'envers des lieux. Mais, Waldenfels voudrait ici nous rendre sensible une sphère médiane qui échappe à l'alternative de l'être à l'intérieur ou à l'extérieur de l'espace, encore une fois dans le sillage de Husserl, en s'inspirant cette fois-ci du « point zéro » qu'est le corps de chair (Leibkörper). Waldenfels cherche lui aussi ce point zéro d'où l'ordre spatial surgit, avec ses différences directionnelles et ses marges de manœuvres. Toutefois, ce lieu n'est plus le corps propre comme chez Husserl, mais quelque chose comme un lieu impossible qui nous requiert et nous motive à lui répondre. Ainsi, « L'étrangeté au sens radical désigne ce dont notre mouvement propre a toujours déjà procédé. Par répondre nous désignons un mouvement propre qui part de l'autre ». Le troisième problème exemplaire a donc une solution : si je suis là-bas à l'endroit où je ne peux pas être, c'est « parce que je viens d'autre part, parce que je viens d'ailleurs, où j'ai toujours déjà été et où je ne serai jamais ». Nous tenons ce point de la pensée de Waldenfels pour fondamental, car c'est l'une des manières de rendre vivante la pensée de l'espace telle qu'elle restructure une partie de la phénoménologie contemporaine. Toutefois, cette pensée extraordinairement stimulante, mériterait selon nous des méditations topo-logiques complémentaires, comme on les trouvait déjà chez Merleau-Ponty et plus encore chez Lacan. Car la forme radicale de la localité, celle qui surdétermine toutes les autres formes d'espaces quotidiennes, historiques et culturelles de l'étrangeté, serait davantage clarifiée au plan conceptuel. Il y a là matière à un débat philosophique sur le choix du mot topographie préféré à celui de topologie
Quoi qu'il en soit, la topographie de l'étranger réveille la force symbolique des phénomènes spatiaux quotidiens et nous invite, sur cette base, à reprendre toutes nos positions philosophiques. L'expérience, la langue, le pays, le corps propre, la raison et le Je, quand ils apparaissent comme étrangers, cessent d'être ce qu'ils étaient auparavant. Enfin, en ces temps de crise de confiance des peuples envers le politique, il est important de souligner que l'un des enjeux majeurs de cet ouvrage est l'élaboration d'une politique de l'étranger. La chose est nouvelle. Celle-ci est assez proche de celle que Derrida désignait comme une politique de l'amitié. En revanche, elle est aux antipodes de la politique de l'étrangeté selon Carl Schmitt, où étranger et hostilité allaient de pair. On l'aura compris, la philosophie de Waldenfels est une pensée de la réponse. À ce titre, elle n'est ni une visée de l'entente (Habermas) ni de la compréhension (Gadamer). Elle est une phénoménologie restructurée autour de l'intentionnalité responsive
مغالبة لا مصالحة
فهمي هويدي
مغالبة فلسطينية وليست مصالحة. أهم «إنجاز» لها أنها تنعى إلينا المقاومة وتجرم أهلها، وتسوق الجميع سوقا إلى طريق الندامة.
(1)
كان ذلك أول انطباع خرجت به حين قرأت نص الوثيقة المقترحة للمصالحة
وتحقيق الوفاق الوطني الفلسطيني. وهي الوثيقة التي سارع قادة فتح إلى
التوقيع عليها لأسباب يطول شرحها، بينها محاولة التغطية على فضيحة طلب
تأجيل تقرير غولدستون الذي أدان جرائم إسرائيل في غزة. ثم اعتبروا أي نقد
للوثيقة دعوة إلى استمرار الخصام. ومن قادة الحركة -صائب عريقات وجبريل
الرجوب تحديدا- من أعلن على شاشات التلفزيون أن التحفظ على الوثيقة يعد
انحيازا إلى الأجندة الأمريكية والإسرائيلية. هكذا مرة واحدة!
أدري أن المصالحة أصبحت أهم عناوين الساحة الفلسطينية، لذلك فإن ضبط
العنوان وتحريره من الأهمية بمكان، حتى لا يساء استخدامه ويتحول إلى وسيلة
للابتزاز والترهيب، إذ نحن بصدد مصطلح فضفاض، مسكون في ظاهره بالرغبة في
التسامح والتلاقي والوفاق. وهي معان جذابة تتعين الحفاوة بها ويتعذر
الاعتراض عليها. وهي في ذلك لا تختلف عن مصطلحات ودعوات يتعذر ردها، مثل
الحوار والشرعية والإصلاح.. إلخ.
لقد تعلمنا من تجارب عدة أن المصطلحات الفضفاضة سلاح ذو حدين، يسمح
لمن يريد أن يتلاعب بها. فيحتمي بجاذبية المصطلح ويتبنى مواقف على النقيض
من مقصوده الإيجابي. بسبب من ذلك، فإن الحذر في التعامل مع المصطلح يغدو
واجبا إلى حين التعرف على مضمونه الحقيقي. فنقف على الأساس الذي تقوم عليه
المصالحة، وما إذا كانت تشكل حلولا مرضية للطرفين أم محاولة لليّ ذراع
أحدهما ليصبح الإذعان والخضوع بديلين عن التراضي والتوافق.
الفضفاض في هذه المرة ليس المصطلح وحده، وإنما كانت تلك سمة أغلب
بنود الوثيقة أيضا، التي من الواضح أن جهدا كبيرا بذل في صياغتها، بما
يسمح لكل طرف بأن يفهمها على النحو الذي يروق له. آية ذلك، مثلا، أنها
تضمنت نصا في الجزء الخاص بمنظمة التحرير يقضى بأنه إلى أن يتم انتخاب
المجلس الوطني الجديد، بعد ثمانية أشهر، فإن اللجنة المكلفة بتطوير
المنظمة (التي يرأسها السيد محمود عباس) ستقوم باستكمال تشكيلها وعقد أول
اجتماع لها، ومن مهامها المنصوص عليها «معالجة القضايا المصيرية في الشأن
السياسي والوطني واتخاذ القرارات بشأنها بالتوافق». وهو نص بالغ الغرابة،
لأنه إذا أعطيت اللجنة المؤقتة حق صلاحية التقرير في قضايا المصير خلال
تلك الفترة القصيرة، فما الحاجة، إذن، إلى وضع برنامج للعمل الوطني وما
الهدف من المصالحة، إذن؟
(2)
أول ما يلاحظه قارئ الوثيقة أنها تعاملت بغموض مع عناوين مثل الاحتلال
والمقاومة والحصار والتحرير، وكأنها تجنبت التذكير بواقع الاحتلال الذي هو
أصل المشكلة، والمقاومة التي هي السبيل الذي لا بديل عنه لمواجهة الاحتلال
والحصار الذي هو قضية الساعة، والتحرير الذي هو الهدف الذي يرنو إليه
الجميع. وحين تخلو وثيقة الوفاق الوطني من موقف واضح إزاء هذه العناصر
الأربعة، فإننا نصبح بإزاء نص محير، يحتاج المرء إلى بذل جهد كبير كي يحسن
الظن به؛ وتتحول الحيرة إلى دهشة حين يلاحظ المرء أن معدي الوثيقة لم
يفتهم أن يوجهوا الشكر مرتين في المقدمة إلى السيد الرئيس حسنى مبارك
لرعاية الحوار، في حين أنهم هوَّنوا من شأن الاحتلال والمقاومة والحصار
والتحرير، وإن ذكرت الكلمة الأخيرة فقط حين تمت الإشارة إلى منظمة
التحرير، التي تحولت إلى مجرد اسم لا مدلول سياسي له، تماما مثل ميدان
التحرير أو مقهى التحرير في قلب القاهرة.
إلى جانب هذه الملاحظة الشكلية، هناك ملاحظات أخرى منها ما يلي:
- أن الوثيقة تضمنت ستة أجزاء، كان أكثرها وضوحا وحسما الجزء المتعلق
بالانتخابات التي يفترض أن تجرى في أواخر يونيو المقبل، في حين احتل موضوع
الأمن الجزء الأكبر منها (خمس صفحات ونصف من بين ثلاث عشرة صفحة ونصف).
- واضح أن التركيز على الانتخابات لم يرد به التعبير عن إرادة الشعب
الفلسطيني، بقدر ما أريد به إقصاء حركة حماس بنفس الطريقة التي جاءت بها،
بمعنى إخراجها بالانتخابات مثلما جاءت إلى السلطة بالانتخابات. ولذلك، فإن
السياق يتحدث عن انتخابات تشرف عليها لجنة برئاسة السيد محمود عباس لطبخ
العملية بالأسلوب المتعارف عليه عربيا. لأن الكلام كله مبني على أن نتيجة
الانتخابات محسومة سلفا، وأن فوز حماس ليس واردا. وإنما المطلوب حكومة
جديدة تلبي مطالب الرباعية الدولية (الاعتراف بإسرائيل ومنع المقاومة
والالتزام بالاتفاقات التي أبرمتها السلطة)، ولا تكرر «أخطاء» الماضي. في
حين يخضع الناخب الفلسطيني لعملية ترهيب شديدة، تحذره من أن يصوت لحماس
لأن سيف الحصار مسلط عليه.
- إن ثمة تركيزا شديدا لسلطة السيد أبو مازن، رغم أن ولايته الشرعية
والدستورية منتهية منذ شهر يناير الماضي. فهو، بإقرار الوثيقة، يظل الرئيس
والمرجعية في ما يخص تطوير منظمة التحرير ولجنة الانتخابات واللجنة
الأمنية العليا التي تتبعها أجهزة الأمن والمخابرات العامة، وهو الذي يصدر
مرسوم لجنة تنفيذ الوفاق الوطني، الأمر الذي يعني أن الطرف المخاصم الذي
هزم في انتخابات 2006 تسلم مقاليد كل شيء، في حين أن الذي فاز بأغلبية
المقاعد في تلك الانتخابات تم إقصاؤه تماما من دائرة القرار قبل إجراء
الانتخابات الجديدة.
- إن الوثيقة في الجزء الخاص بالمصالحات الوطنية دعت إلى «نشر ثقافة
التسامح والمحبة والمصالحة والشراكة السياسية والعيش المشترك». وهي قيم من
المهم جدا التذكير بها في سياق المصالحة بين طرفين متخاصمين. ولكن حين
يكون البلد يرزح تحت الاحتلال، فإن المرء لا بد أن يستغرب غياب قيمة
المقاومة وشحذ همة الطرفين لاستعادة الحقوق المسلوبة وتحرير الأرض.
- في الوقت الذي ثبتت فيه مرجعية السيد محمود عباس في مختلف المفاصل
المهمة، فإن مرجعية الميثاق الوطني الفلسطيني لم يشر إليها بكلمة، ولم
تذكر من بعيد أو قريب.
- على الرغم من أن الوثيقة تحدثت عن عودة ثلاثة آلاف من عناصر فتح
المنخرطين في الأجهزة الأمنية إلى العمل في قطاع غزة، فإنها لم تشر إلى
موقف ومصير أكثر من 11 ألف عنصر تضمهم القوة التنفيذية التي صانت الأمن في
القطاع طوال السنتين الماضيتين. في الوقت ذاته، فليست هناك أية إشارة إلى
موقف الأجهزة الأمنية في الضفة التي يشرف على تشكيلها الجنرال دايتون، وهو
ما يعني أن يد حركة حماس ستكون مغلولة في مجال الأمن، باستثناء وضعها
المؤقت في غزة.
- ثمة حديث طيب عن وضع المعتقلين والمؤسسات الاجتماعية في الضفة التي
حظرتها السلطة واستولت على مقارها ومواردها، إذ يقضي البند الخاص بهذا
الشق بإطلاق سراح المعتقلين في الضفة والقطاع وإعادة المقار المصادرة
بمجرد توقيع الاتفاق، تمهيدا لإغلاق الملف نهائيا بعد ذلك. وهي خطوة يمكن
أن تتم فعلا، لكننا نعرف جيدا أن قرارات الاعتقال والمصادرة يمكن الرجوع
عنها في أي وقت، وسجل أجهزة القمع في الضفة يؤيد بقوة هذا الاحتمال.
(3)
موقف الورقة من المقاومة مراوغ وفاضح، فهي تنص ضمن تفاصيل كثيرة على
ثلاثة أمور هي: (1) احترام الأجهزة الأمنية لحق الشعب الفلسطيني في
المقاومة والدفاع عن الوطن والمواطن. (2) حظر إقامة أي تشكيلات عسكرية
خارج إطار الهيكل المقرر للأجهزة الأمنية. (3) تجريم وتحريم استخدام
السلاح لأسباب خارج المهمات الوظيفية. وهو كلام يعني أن حق المقاومة محترم
ومعترف به، ولكن منظمات المقاومة محظورة وسلاحها محرم ومجرم، وهي صياغة
محيرة بدورها، لأنها تعترف بالحق ثم تصادره وتجرمه!
هذا الموقف الملتبس إزاء فكرة المقاومة له أصل في مشروع اتفاق
القاهرة الذي رفضت حركتا حماس والجهاد الإسلامي التوقيع عليه في شهر
أكتوبر من العام الماضي، إذ نص في إحدى فقراته على أن المقاومة، في إطار
التوافق الوطني، حق مشروع للشعب الفلسطيني ما دام الاحتلال قائما. ونص في
فقرة أخرى على أن الأجهزة الأمنية الفلسطينية وحدها المخولة لها مهمة
الدفاع عن الوطن والمواطنين، أي أن المشروع قيّد المقاومة بقيدين غريبين:
أولهما أن تتم بالتوافق، بمعنى أن تبلغ جميع الفصائل الموقعة على الاتفاق
مسبقا بأية عملية فدائية للتوافق حولها، وأن تكون الأجهزة الأمنية (التي
تنسق مع إسرائيل) وحدها المنوط بها القيام بواجب المقاومة!
هكذا، فإنه خلال الفترة من عام 2005 إلى عام 2009 تحولت المقاومة من
حق إلى نشاط محظور، وأي سلاح يستخدم لأجلها غدا محرما ومجرما. وأصبح
مطلوبا من المنظمات، التي تكتسب شرعيتها من التزامها بالمقاومة، أن توقع
على ذلك الحظر. وحين تمتنع، فإنها تلاحق بالتشهير والاتهام، حتى تغدو
خيانتها لمبادئها عربون المصالحة المنشودة!
(4)
في الوثيقة نص مقلق يجعل من مهام المخابرات العامة الفلسطينية
«التعاون المشترك مع أجهزة الدول الصديقة المشابهة لمكافحة أية أعمال تهدد
السلم والأمن المشترك». والقلق نابع من أن هذا الكلام قد يبرر التعاون
الأمني مع الاحتلال، الذي يعد صفحة سوداء ينبغي أن تطوى لا أن تبرر، خصوصا
أن ذلك التعاون، الموجه ضد المقاومة بالدرجة الأولى، أصبح إحدى المهام
المعترف بها من جانب حكومة رام الله، نبهنا إلى ذلك رئيس الموساد السابق
أفرايم هليفي في مقالة نشرتها له صحيفة يديعوت أحرونوت (بتاريخ 25/5/2009)
ذكر فيها أن إسرائيل تقوم بإجراء فحص أمني لجميع المنتسبين إلى الأجهزة
الأمنية الفلسطينية، التي يشرف على تدريبها الجنرال الأمريكي كيت دايتون.
وقال: «إننا» بحاجة إلى سنتين على الأقل لإنشاء عشرة ألوية من قوات
السلطة التي يعدها الجنرال دايتون، لتكون نموذجا للفلسطيني الجديد الذي
تريده إسرائيل، ويصمم خصيصا للحفاظ على أمنها والتصدي لنشطاء حركة حماس.
ثم أضاف أن إسرائيل تبذل جهدا كبيرا لتعزيز حكم رئيس السلطة الفلسطينية
بتركيز خاص على الأجهزة الأمنية، التي هي الذراع التي تحمي نظامه. واللافت
للنظر أن الجنرال هليفي حذر من الانسياق وراء رغبة أبو مازن في القضاء على
حماس، قائلا إنه في هذه الحالة سيظل الرجل معتمدا على قوتين صناعيتين هما
إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة، الأمر الذي قد يترتب عنه احتمال فوز حماس في
أية انتخابات قادمة، ومن شأن ذلك أن يشكل تحديا خطيرا ومضاعفا أمام
إسرائيل والولايات المتحدة.
وخلص من مقالته إلى ضرورة إجراء حوار حقيقي مع حماس، بدلا من صرف
الجهد وتبديده في محاولة القضاء عليها، والجري وراء سراب تشكيل الفلسطيني
الجديد. لكن من الواضح أن أبو مازن له رأي آخر، تبنته الوثيقة واعتبرته
منطلقا للمصالحة، ولذلك كانت فتح أول من رحب بها ووقع عليها.
جميع الحقوق محفوظة : لجريدة المساء.http://almassae.ma/.
من مؤلفاته
-
حدث في أفغانستان.
-
القرآن والسلطان.
-
الإسلام في الصين.
-
إيران من الداخل - 1988.
-
أزمة الوعي الديني - 1988.
-
مواطنون لاذميون - 1990.
-
حتى لاتكون فتنة - 1992.
-
الإسلام والديمقراطية - 1993.
-
التدين المنقوص - 1994.
-
المفترون: خطاب التطرف العلماني في الميزان - 1996.
-
إحقاق الحق - 1998.
-
المقالات المحظورة - 1998.
-
مصر تريد حلا - 1998.
-
تزييف الوعي - 1999.
-
طالبان: جند الله في المعركة الغلط - 2001.
-
عن الفساد وسنينه - 2006.
-
خيولنا التي لاتصهل - 2007.
Noam Chomsky on “Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours” in Democracynow.org

Noam Chomsky, the MIT professor, author and dissident intellectual, just turned eighty years old this past December. He has written over 100 books, but despite being called “the most important intellectual alive” by the New York Times, he is rarely heard in the corporate media. We spend the hour with Noam Chomsky. He spoke recently here in New York at an event sponsored by the Brecht Forum. More than 2,000 people packed into Riverside Church in Harlem to hear his address, titled “Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours.” In his talk, Chomsky discussed the global economic crisis, the environment, wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan, resistance to American empire and much more.
AMY GOODMAN: Today, a Democracy Now! special with one of the most important dissident intellectuals of our time, Noam Chomsky.
Born December 7th, 1928, in Philadelphia, by the age of ten he was writing an extended essay against fascism and about the Spanish Civil War. At fourteen, he was in New York, getting his education, as he tells it, in the back of the 72nd Street subway station, where his uncle ran a newspaper stand. The front of the subway station, that’s where people ran in and out buying newspapers quickly. But at the back, a little less trafficked, that’s where people stopped and had political discussions about the news in the papers they did or didn’t buy.
At sixteen, he was at the University of Pennsylvania, where he got his doctorate. He became a professor of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology at the age of twenty-six. He remained there for more than half a century and continues to teach there today.
While Professor Chomsky broke new ground as a world-renowned linguist, shattering all previous paradigms, he was also taking on the war in Vietnam. Throughout his life, he spoke out against US imperialism, from Vietnam to the Indonesian occupation of East Timor, from the death squads in Latin America to the Israeli occupation of Palestine, and now to the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.
Noam Chomsky turned eighty years old this past December. He has written over a hundred books. But despite being called "the most important intellectual alive today” by the New York Times, he is rarely heard or quoted in the mainstream media.
Today we spend the hour with Noam Chomsky. He spoke recently here in New York at an event sponsored by the Brecht Forum. More than 2,000 people packed into the Riverside Church in Harlem to hear his address. The title of his talk, “Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours.” This is Noam Chomsky.
NOAM CHOMSKY: Well, let me say a couple of words about the title, which, as always, is shorthand. There’s too much nuance and variety to make any sharp distinction between us and them. And, of course, neither I nor anyone else can presume to speak for us. But I’ll pretend it’s possible.
There’s also a problem about the word “crisis.” Which one do we have in mind? There are numerous very severe crises. Many of them will be under discussion here in a couple of weeks at the United Nations in their conference on the world financial and economic crisis. And these crises are interwoven in very complex ways which make it—which preclude any sharp separation. But again, I’ll pretend otherwise for simplicity.
Well, one way to enter this morass was helpfully provided by a current issue of the New York Review, dated yesterday. The front cover headline reads, “How to Deal with the Crisis.” It features a symposium of specialists. And it’s worth reading, but with attention to the definite article: “the” crisis. For the West, the phrase “the crisis” has a clear enough meaning. It’s the financial crisis that hit the rich countries and therefore is of supreme importance.
But, in fact, even for the rich and privileged, that’s by no means the only crisis or even the most severe of those they face. And others see the world quite differently. For example, the newspaper New Nation in Bangladesh. There, we read, “It’s very telling that trillions have already been spent to patch up leading world financial institutions, while out of the comparatively small sum of $12 billion pledged in Rome earlier this year, to offset the food crisis, only $1 billion has been delivered. The hope that at least extreme poverty can be eradicated by the end of 2015, as stipulated in the UN’s Millennium Development Goals, seems as unrealistic as ever, not due to lack of resources but to a lack of true concern for the world’s poor.” That’s—they’re talking about approximately a billion people facing starvation, severe malnutrition, even 30 or 40 million of them in the richest country in the world. That’s a real crisis, and it’s getting much worse.
In this morning’s Financial Times, British business press, it’s reported that the World Food Program just announced that they’re cutting food aid and rations and also closing operations. The reason is that the donor countries have been cutting back in funding because of the fiscal crunch, and they’re slashing contributions. So, a very close connection between the horrendous food crisis and poverty crisis and the significant, but less significant, fiscal crisis. They’re ending up closing down operations in Rwanda, in Uganda, Ethiopia, many others. They have to—20 to 25 percent cut in budget, while food prices are rising, and the financial crisis, the general economic crisis, is bringing unemployment and cutting back remittances. That’s a major crisis.
We might, incidentally, remember that when the British landed in what’s now Bangladesh, they were stunned by its wealth and splendor. And it didn’t take very long for it to be on its way to become the very symbol of misery, not by an act of God.
Well, the fate of Bangladesh should remind us that the terrible food crisis is not just a result of Western lack of concern. In large part, it results from very definite and clear concerns of the global managers, namely for their own welfare. It’s always well to keep in mind a astute observation by Adam Smith about policy formation in England. He recognized that what he called the “principal architects” of policy—in his day, the merchants and manufacturers—make sure that their own interests are most peculiarly attended to, however grievous the impact on others, including the people of England, but far more so those who were subjected to what he called the “savage injustice of the Europeans,” and particularly in conquered India, his own prime concern. We can easily think of analogs today. His observation, in fact, is one of the few solid and enduring principles of international and domestic affairs well to keep in mind.
And the food crisis is a case in point. It erupted first and most dramatically in Haiti in early 2008. Like Bangladesh, Haiti is a symbol of utter misery. And like Bangladesh, when the European explorers arrived, they were stunned because it was so remarkably rich in resources. Later it became the source of much of France’s wealth. I’m not going to run through the sordid history. It’s worth knowing. But the current food crisis traces back directly to Woodrow Wilson’s invasion of Haiti, which was murderous and brutal and destructive. Among Wilson’s many crimes was to dissolve the Haitian parliament at gunpoint, because it refused to pass what was called progressive legislation, which would allow US businesses to take over Haitian lands. Wilson’s marines then ran a free election, in which the legislation was passed by 99.9 percent of the vote. That’s of the five percent of the population permitted to vote. All of this comes down to us as what’s called Wilsonian idealism.
Later, USAID instituted programs in Haiti to turn it—under the slogan of turning Haiti into the Taiwan of the Caribbean by adhering to the sacred principle of comparative advantage. That is, they should import from the United States, while working people, mostly women, slaved under miserable conditions in US-owned assembly plants.
Haiti’s first free election in 1990 threatened these economically rational programs. The poor majority made the mistake of entering the political arena and electing their own candidate, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, a populist priest. And Washington instantly adopted standard operating procedures: the moving at once to undermine the regime. A couple of months later came the military coup, instituting a horrible reign of terror, which was backed by Bush, Bush I, and even more so by Clinton. By 1994, Clinton decided that the population was sufficiently intimidated, and he sent US forces to restore the elected president—that’s now called a humanitarian intervention—but on very strict conditions, namely that the president had to accept a very harsh neoliberal regime, in particular, no protection for the economy.
Haitian rice farmers are quite efficient, but they can’t compete with US agribusiness that relies on a huge government subsidy, thanks to Ronald Reagan’s free market enthusiasms. Well, there’s nothing at all surprising about what followed next. In 1995, USAID wrote a report pointing out, and I’m quoting it, that “the export-driven trade and investment policy” that Washington mandated will “relentlessly squeeze the domestic rice farmer.” In fact, the neoliberal policies rammed down Haiti’s throat destroyed, dismantled what was left of economic sovereignty, drove the country into chaos, and that was accelerated by Bush Number Two’s banning of international aid, on totally cynical grounds.
In February 2004, the two traditional torturers of Haiti—France and the United States—combined to back a military coup and send President Aristide off to Africa. The US denies him permission to return to the entire region. Haiti had by then lost the capacity to feed itself, making it highly vulnerable to food price fluctuation. That was the immediate cause of the 2008 food crisis, which led to riots and enormous protest, but not getting food.
The story is familiar, in fact quite similar, in much of the world. So, going back to the Bangladesh newspaper, it’s true enough that the food crisis results from Western lack of concern—a pittance by our standards would overcome its worst immediate effects—but more fundamentally, it results from the dedication to Adam Smith’s principles of business-run state policy. These are all matters that we too easily evade. They happen daily.
Along with the fact that bailing out banks is not uppermost in the minds of the billion people now facing starvation, not forgetting the tens of millions enduring hunger in the richest country in the world, well, also sidelined is an easy way to make a significant dent in the financial and the food crises. It’s suggested by the publication a couple days ago of the authoritative annual report on military spending by SIPRI, the Swedish peace research institute, the scale of military spending is phenomenal, regularly increasing, this last year as well. Now, the US is responsible for almost as much as the rest of the world combined, seven times as much as its nearest rival, China. No need to waste time commenting.
This distribution of concerns reflects another crisis here, kind of a cultural crisis, that is the tendency to focus on short-term parochial games. That’s a core element of our socioeconomic institutions and the ideological support system on which they rest. One example, now prominent, is the array of perverse incentives that are devised for corporate managers to enrich themselves. And, for example, what’s called the “too big too fail” insurance policies that are provided by the unwitting public. And deeper ones. They’re just inherent in market inefficiencies.
One such inefficiency, now recognized to be one of the roots of the financial crisis, is the under-pricing of systemic risk, a risk that affects the whole system. So, for example—and that’s general, like if you and I make a transaction, say, you sell me a car, we may make a good deal for ourselves, but we don’t price into that transaction the cost to others. And there’s a cost: pollution, congestion, raising the price of gas, all sorts of other things, killing people in Nigeria because we’re getting the gas from them. That doesn’t count when we—we don’t count that in. That’s an inherent market inefficiency, one of the reasons why markets can’t work.
And when you turn to the financial institutions, it can get quite serious. So it means that if, say, Goldman Sachs, if they’re managed properly, if they make a risky loan, they calculate the potential cost to themselves if the loan goes bad, but they simply don’t calculate the impact on the whole financial system. And we now see how severe that can be, not that it’s anything new.
In fact, this inherent deficiency of markets, this inefficiency of markets, was perfectly well known ten years ago, at the height of the euphoria about efficient markets. Two prominent economists, John Eatwell and Lance Taylor, they wrote an important book, in which—called Global Finance at Risk, in which they spelled out the consequences of these market inefficiencies, which we now see, and they outlined means to deal with them. These proposals were exactly contrary to the deregulatory rage that was then being carried forward by the Clinton administration, under the leadership of those who Obama has now called upon to put band-aids on the disaster that they helped create.
Well, in substantial measure, the food crisis plaguing much of the South and the financial crisis of the North have common roots, namely the shift towards neoliberalism since the 1970s. That brought to an end the postwar, post-Second World War, Bretton Woods system that was instituted by the United States and Britain right after World War II. It had two architects: John Maynard Keynes of Britain and Harry Dexter White in the United States. And they anticipated that its core principles, which included capital controls and regulated currencies—they anticipated that these principles would lead to relatively balanced economic growth and would also free governments to institute the social democratic programs, welfare state programs, that had enormous public support around the world.
And to a large extent, they were vindicated on both counts. In fact, many economists call the years that followed, until the 1970s, the “Golden Age of Capitalism.” That Golden Age led not only to unprecedented and relatively egalitarian growth, but also the introduction of welfare state measures. Keynes and White were perfectly well aware that free capital movement and speculation inhibit these options. Professional economics literature points out what should be obvious, that the free flow of capital creates what is sometimes called a “virtual senate” of lenders and investors who carry out a moment-by-moment referendum on government policies, and if they find that they’re irrational, meaning they help people instead of profits, then they vote against them, by capital flight, by tax on the country, and so on. So the democratic governments have a dual constituency, their own population and the virtual senate, who typically prevail. And for the poor, that means regular disaster.
In fact, one of the differences—one of the reasons for the radical difference between Latin America and East Asia in the last half-century is that Latin America didn’t control capital flight. In fact, in general, the rich in Latin America don’t have responsibilities. Capital flight approximated the crushing debt. In contrast, during South Korea’s remarkable growth period, capital flight was not only banned, but could bring the death penalty, one of many factors that led to the surprising divergence. Latin America has much richer resources. You’d expect it to be far more advanced than East Asia, but it had the disadvantage of being under imperialist wings.
AMY GOODMAN: MIT professor and author, Noam Chomsky, speaking about “Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours” at Riverside Church in Harlem. If you’d like a copy of today’s show, you can go to our website at democracynow.org. When we come back from break, Chomsky on the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Stay with us.
[break]
AMY GOODMAN: Earthdriver performing live at Riverside Church in Harlem, where more than 2,000 people packed in to hear the renowned MIT professor, author and activist, Noam Chomsky. We return to his address called “Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours.” Noam Chomsky spoke about US foreign policy and the wars in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan.
NOAM CHOMSKY: In AfPak, Afghanistan-Pakistan, as the region is now called, Obama is building enormous new embassies and other facilities on the model of the city within a city in Baghdad. These are like no embassies anywhere in the world. And they are signs of an intention to be there for a long time.
Right now in Iraq, something interesting is happening. Obama is pressing the Iraqi government not to permit the referendum that’s required by the Status of Forces Agreement. That’s an agreement that was forced down the throats of the Bush administration, which had to formally renounce its primary war aims in the face of massive Iraqi resistance. Washington’s current objection to the referendum was explained two days ago by New York Times correspondent Alissa Rubin: Obama fears that the Iraqi population might reject the provision that delays US troop withdrawal to 2012. They might insist on immediate departure of US forces. Iraqi analyst in London—the head of the Iraqi Foundation for Democracy and Development in London—it’s quite pro-Western—he explained, “This is an election year for Iraq; no one wants to appear that he is appeasing the Americans. Anti-Americanism is popular now in Iraq,” as indeed it’s been throughout, facts that are familiar to anyone who’s read the Western-run polls, including Pentagon-run polls. Well, the current US efforts to prevent the legally required referendum are extremely revealing. Sometimes they’re called “democracy promotion.”
Well, while Obama’s signaling very clearly his intention to establish a firm and large-scale presence in the region, he’s also, as you know, sharply escalating the AfPak war, following Petraeus’s strategy to drive the Taliban into Pakistan, with potentially awful results for this extremely dangerous and unstable state, which is facing insurrections throughout its territory. These are the most extreme in the tribal areas, which cross the AfPak border. It’s an artificial line imposed by the British called the Durand Line, and the same people live on both sides of it—Pashtun tribes—and they’ve never accepted it. And, in fact, the Afghanistan government never accepted it either, as long as it was independent. Well, that’s where most of the fighting is going on. One of the leading specialists on the region, Selig Harrison, he recently wrote that the outcome of Washington’s current policies, Obama’s policies, might well be, what he calls them, “Islamic Pashtunistan,” Pashtun-based separate kind of quasi-state. The Pakistani ambassador warned that if the Taliban and Pashtun nationalism merge, we’ve had it. And we’re on the verge of that.
The prospects become still more ominous with the escalation of drone attacks that embitter the population with their huge civilian toll, and more recently, just a couple days ago, in fact, with the unprecedented authority that has just been granted to General Stanley McChrystal, who’s taking charge. He’s a kind of a wild-eyed Special Forces assassin. He’s been put in charge of heading the operations. Petraeus’s own counterinsurgency adviser in Iraq, General David Kilcullen—Colonel, I think—he describes the Obama-Petraeus-McChrystal policies as a fundamental “strategic error” which may lead to the collapse of Pakistan. He says it’s a calamity that would “dwarf” all other current issues, given the country’s size, strategic location and nuclear stockpile.
It’s also not too encouraging that Pakistan and India are now rapidly expanding their nuclear arsenals. Pakistan’s nuclear arsenals were developed with Reagan’s crucial aid. And India’s nuclear weapons program got a major shot in the arm with the recent US-India nuclear agreement. It’s also a sharp blow to the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Two countries have twice come close to nuclear war over Kashmir, and they’re also engaged in a kind of a proxy war in Afghanistan. These developments pose a very serious threat to world peace, even to human survival. Well, a lot to say about this crisis, but no time here.
Coming back home, whether the deceit here about the monstrous enemy was sincere or not—Johnson’s case might well have been sincere—suppose that, say, fifty years ago Americans had been given a choice of directing their tax money to development of information technology, so that their grandchildren could have iPods and the internet, or else putting the same funds into developing a livable and sustainable socioeconomic order. Well, they might very well have made the latter choice. But they had no choice. Now, that’s standard. There’s a striking gap between public opinion and public policy on a host of major issues, domestic and foreign. And, at least in my judgment, public opinion is often a lot more sane. It also tends to be fairly consistent over time, which is pretty astonishing, because public concerns and aspirations, if they’re even mentioned, are marginalized and ridiculed. It’s one very significant feature of the yawning democratic deficit, as we call it in other countries. That’s the failure of formal democratic institutions to function properly. And that’s no trivial matter. Arundhati Roy has a book, soon to come out, in which she asks whether the evolution of formal democracy in India and the United States, in fact, not only there—her words—might turn out to be the “endgame of the human race.” And that’s not an idle question.
It should be recalled that the American Republic was founded on the principle that there should be a democratic deficit. James Madison, the main framer of the constitutional order, his view was that power should be in the hands of the wealth of the nation, the more responsible set of men who have sympathy for property owners and their rights. And Madison sought to construct a system of government that would, in his words, “protect the minority of the opulent from the majority.” That’s why the constitutional system that he framed did not have co-equal branches. The executive was supposed to be an administrator, and the legislature was supposed to be dominant, but not the House of Representatives, rather the Senate, where power was vested and protected from the public in many ways. That’s where the wealth of the nation would be concentrated. This is not overlooked by historians. Gordon Wood, for example, summarizes the thoughts of the founders, saying that “The Constitution was intrinsically an aristocratic document designed to check the democratic tendencies of the period,” delivering power to a “better sort” of people and excluding “those who were not rich, well born, or prominent from exercising political power.”
Well, all through American history, there’s been a constant struggle over this constrained version of democracy. And popular struggles have won a great many rights. Nevertheless, concentrated power and privilege clings to the Madisonian conception, changes form as circumstances change.
By World War II, there was a significant change. Business leaders and elite intellectuals recognized that the public had won enough rights so that they can’t be controlled by force, so it would be necessary to do something else, namely to turn to control of attitudes and opinions. These were the days when the huge public relations industry emerged in the freest countries in the world, Britain and the United States, where the problem was most severe. The public relations industry was devoted to what Walter Lippmann approvingly called a “new art” in the practice of democracy, the “manufacture of consent.” It’s called the “engineering of consent” in the phrase of his contemporary Edward Bernays, one of the founders of the PR industry.
Both Lippmann and Bernays had taken part in Woodrow Wilson’s state propaganda agency, which Committee on Public Information was its Orwellian term. It was created to kind of—to try to drive a pacifist population to jingoist fanaticism and hatred of all things German. And it succeeded—brilliantly, in fact.
And it was hoped that the same techniques could ensure that what are called the “intelligent minorities” would rule, and that the general public, who Lippmann called “ignorant and meddlesome outsiders,” would serve their function as spectators, not participants. These are all very highly respected progressive essays on democracy by people who—by a man who was the leading public intellectual of the twentieth century and was a Wilson-Roosevelt-Kennedy progressive, as Bernays was. And they capture the thinking of progressive opinion. So, President Wilson, he held that an elite of gentlemen with “elevated ideals” must be empowered to preserve “stability and righteousness,” essentially the perspective of the founding fathers. In more recent years, the gentlemen are transmuted into the “technocratic elite” and the “action intellectuals” of Camelot, “Straussian” neocons and other configurations, but throughout one or another variant of the doctrine prevails. The quote from Samuel Huntington that you heard is an example.
And on a more hopeful note, a popular struggle continues to clip its wings, quite impressively in the wake of 1960s activism, which had quite a substantial effect on civilizing the society and raised the prospects for further progress to a much higher plane. It’s one of the reasons why it’s called the “time of troubles” and bitterly denounced, too much of a civilizing effect.
Well, what the West sees as the crisis, namely the financial crisis, now that will presumably be patched up somehow or other, but leaving the institutions that created it pretty much in place. A couple of days ago, the Treasury Department, as you read, permitted early TARP repayments, which actually reduce capacity. I mean, it was touted as giving money back to the public. In fact, as was pointed out right away, it reduces the capacity of banks to lend, although it does allow them to pour money into the pockets of the few who matter. And the mood on Wall Street was captured by two Bank of New York employees who predicted that their lives and pay would improve, even if the broader economy did not. That’s paraphrasing Adam Smith’s observation that the architects of policy protect their own interests, no matter how grievous the effect on others.
And they are the architects of policy. Obama made sure to staff his economic advisers from that sector, which has been pointed out, too. The former chief economist of the IMF, Simon Johnson, pointed out that the Obama administration is just in the pocket of Wall Street. As he put it, “Throughout the crisis, the government has taken extreme care not to upset the interests of the financial institutions or to question the basic outlines of the system that got us here.” And the “elite business interests” who “played a central role in creating the crisis…with the implicit backing of the government,” they’re still there, and they’re “now using their influence to prevent precisely” the set of “reforms that are needed, and fast, to pull the economy out of its nosedive.” He says, the economy—“The government seems helpless, or unwilling, to act against them,” which is no surprise, considering who constitutes and who backs the government.
Well, there’s a far more severe crisis, even for the rich and powerful. It happens to be discussed in the same issue of the New York Review that I mentioned, article by Bill McKibben. He’s been warning for years about the dire impact of global warming. His current article, worth reading, it relies on the British Stern report, which is sort of the gold standard now. On this basis, he concludes, not unrealistically, that “2009 may well turn out to be the decisive year in the human relationship with our home planet.” The reason is that there’s a conference in December in Copenhagen, which is supposed to set up a new global accord on global warming. And he says it will tell us “whether or not our political systems are up to the unprecedented challenge that climate change represents.” He thinks that the signals are “mixed.” To me, that seems kind of optimistic, unless there’s really a massive public campaign to overcome the insistence of the managers of the state-corporate sector on privileging short-term gain for the few over the hope that their grandchildren might have a decent future.
AMY GOODMAN: MIT professor and author, Noam Chomsky, speaking about “Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours” at Riverside Church in Harlem. When we come back, Chomsky on the environment and climate change. If you’d like a copy of today’s show, you can go to our website at democracynow.org. Back in a minute.
[break]
AMY GOODMAN: Mahina Movement performing live at Riverside Church in Harlem, as we return to the conclusion of Noam Chomsky’s address. […] We return to Noam Chomsky’s address, “Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours.”
NOAM CHOMSKY: A couple days ago, a group of MIT scientists released the results of what they describe as “the most comprehensive modeling yet carried out on the likelihood of how much hotter the Earth’s climate will get in this century,” which “shows that without rapid and massive action, the problem will be about twice as severe as previously estimated” a couple years ago. And it “could be even worse than that,” because their model does not fully incorporate positive feedbacks that can occur. For example, the increased temperature that is causing a melting of permafrost in the Arctic regions, which is going to release huge amounts of methane. It’s worse than CO2. The leader of the project says, “There’s no way the world can or should take these risks.” He says, “The least-cost option to lower the risk is to start now and steadily transform the global energy system over the coming decades to low or zero greenhouse gas-emitting technologies.” And there’s very little sign of that.
Well, furthermore, while new technologies are essential, the problems go well beyond that. In fact, they go beyond the current technical debates about just how to work out cap-and-trade devices being discussed in Congress. We have to face something much more far-reaching. We have to face up to the need to reverse the huge state-corporate and social engineering projects of the post-Second World War period, which very consciously—I mean, they very consciously promoted an energy-wasting and environmentally destructive fossil fuel economy; didn’t happen by accident. That’s the whole massive project of suburbanization, then destruction and later gentrification of inner cities.
The state-corporate program began with a conspiracy by General Motors, Firestone Rubber, Standard Oil of California to buy up and destroy efficient electric transportation systems in Los Angeles and dozens of other cities. They were actually convicted of criminal conspiracy and given a tap on the wrist, I think a $5,000 fine. The federal government then took over. It relocated infrastructure and capital stock to suburban areas and also created a huge interstate highway system under the usual pretext of defense. Railroads were displaced by government-financed motor and air transport.
The public played almost no role, apart from choosing within the narrowly structured framework of options that are designed by state-corporate managers. They were supported by vast campaigns to “fabricate” consumers with “created wants,” borrowing Veblen’s terms. One result is the atomization of the society and the entrapment of isolated individuals with huge debts. These efforts grew out of the recognition, that I mentioned, a century ago that democratic achievements have to be curtailed by shaping attitudes and beliefs, as the business press put it, directing people to superficial things of life, like fashionable consumption. All of that’s necessary to ensure that the opulent minority are protected from ignorant and meddlesome outsiders, namely the population.
Let me just add a personal note on that. I came down here this afternoon by the Acela, you know, the jewel in the crown of new high-speed railroad technology. The first time I came from Boston to New York was sixty years ago. And there was improvement since then: it was five minutes faster today than it was sixty years ago.
While state-corporate power was vigorously promoting the privatization of life and maximal waste of energy, it was also undermining the efficient choices that the market doesn’t and can’t provide. That’s another highly destructive built-in market inefficiency. So, to put it simply, if I want to get home from work in the evening, the market does allow me a choice between, say, a Ford and a Toyota, but it doesn’t allow me a choice between a car and a subway, which would be much more inefficient. And maybe everybody wants it, but the market doesn’t allow that choice. That’s a social decision. And in a democratic society, it would be the decision of an organized public. But that’s just what the elite attack on democracy seeks to undermine.
Now, these consequences are right before our eyes in ways that are sometimes surreal. A couple of weeks ago, the Wall Street Journal had an article reporting that the US Transportation chief is in Spain. He’s meeting with high-speed rail suppliers. Europe’s engineering and rail companies are lining up for some potentially lucrative US contracts for high-speed rail projects. That stake is $13 billion in stimulus funds that the Obama administration is allocating to upgrade existing rail lines and build new ones that would one day rival Europe’s.
So think what’s happening. Spain and other European countries are hoping to get US taxpayer funding for high-speed rail and related infrastructure. And at the very same time, Washington is busy dismantling leading sectors of US industry, ruining the lives of workers and communities who could easily do it themselves. It’s pretty hard to conjure up a more damning indictment of the economic system that’s been constructed by state-corporate managers. Surely, the auto industry could be reconstructed to produce what the country needs using its highly skilled workforce. But that’s not even on the agenda. It’s not even being discussed. Rather, we’ll go to Spain, and we’ll give them taxpayer money for them to do it, while we destroy the capacity to do it here.
It’s been done before. So, during World War II, it was kind of a semi-command economy, government-organized economy. The whole—that’s what happened. Industry was reconstructed for the purpose of war, dramatically. It not only ended the Depression, but it initiated the most spectacular period of growth in economic history. In four years, US industrial production just about quadrupled, and that—as the economy was retooled for war. And that laid the basis for the Golden Age that followed.
Well, warnings about the purposeful destruction of US productive capacity have been familiar for decades, maybe most prominently by the late Seymour Melman, whom many of us knew well. Melman was also one of those who pointed the way to a sensible way to reverse the project—the process. The state-corporate leadership, of course, has other commitments. But there’s no reason for passivity on the part of the public, the so-called stakeholders, workers and community. I mean, with enough popular support, they could just take over the plants and carry out the task of reconstruction themselves. It’s not a very exotic proposal. One of the standard texts on corporations in economics literature points out that “Nowhere…is it written in stone that the short-term interests of corporate shareholders in the United States deserve a higher priority than…all other corporate stakeholders”—workers and community, that’s it. State-corporate decision has nothing to do with economic theory.
It’s also important to remind ourselves that the notion of workers’ control is as American as apple pie. It’s kind of been suppressed, but it’s there. In the early days of the Industrial Revolution in New England, working people just took it for granted that those who work in the mills should own them. And they also regarded wage labor as different from slavery, only in that it was temporary. Also Abraham Lincoln’s view. There have been immense efforts to drive these thoughts out of people’s heads, to win what the business world calls “the everlasting battle for the minds of men.” On the surface, they may appear to have succeeded, but I don’t think you have to dig too deeply to find out that they’re latent and they can be revived.
And there have been some important concrete efforts. One of them was undertaken thirty years ago in Youngstown, Ohio, where US Steel was going to shut down a major facility that was at the heart of this steel town. And there were substantial protests by the workforce and by the community. Then there was an effort, led by Staughton Lynd, to bring to the courts the principle that stakeholders should have the highest priority. Well, the effort failed that time. But with enough popular support, it could succeed. And right now is a propitious time to revive such efforts, although it would be necessary—and we have to do this—to overcome the effects of this concentrated campaign to drive our own history and culture out of our minds.
There was a very dramatic illustration of the success of this campaign just a few months ago. In February, President Obama decided to show his solidarity with working people. He went to Illinois to give a talk at a factory. The factory he chose was the Caterpillar corporation. Now, that was over the strong objections of church groups, peace groups, human rights groups, who protested—were protesting Caterpillar’s role in providing what amount to weapons of mass destruction in the Israeli Occupied Territories.
Apparently forgotten, however, was something else. In the 1980s, after Reagan had dismantled the air traffic controllers’ union, the Caterpillar managers decided to rescind their labor contract with the United Auto Workers and to destroy the union by bringing in scabs to break a strike. That was the first time that had happened in generations. Now, that practice is illegal in other industrial countries, apart from South Africa at the time. Not now. Now the United States is in splendid isolation, as far as I’m aware.
Well, at that time, Obama was a civil rights lawyer in Chicago, and he certainly read the Chicago Tribune, which ran quite a good, very careful study of these events. They reported that the union was stunned to find that unemployed workers crossed the picket line with no remorse, while Caterpillar workers found little moral support in their community. This is one of the many communities where the union had lifted the standard of living for entire communities. Wiping out these memories is another victory in the relentless campaign to destroy workers’ rights and democracy, which is constantly waged by the highly class-conscious business classes.
Now, the union leadership had refused to understand. It was only in 1978 that UAW president Doug Fraser recognized what was happening and criticized the leaders of the business community—I’m quoting him—for waging a “one-sided class war” in this country, a “war against working people, the unemployed, the poor, the minorities, the very young and the very old, and even many in the middle class of our society,” and for having “broken and discarded the fragile, unwritten compact previously existing during a period of growth and progress.” That was 1979.
And, in fact, placing one’s faith in a compact with owners and managers is a suicide pact. The UAW is discovering that right now, as the state-corporate leadership proceeds to eliminate the hard-fought gains of working people while dismantling the productive core of the economy and sending the Transportation Secretary to Spain to get them to do what American workers could do, at taxpayer expense, of course.
Well, that’s only a fragment of what’s underway, and it highlights the importance of short- and long-term strategies to build—in part, resurrect—the foundations of a functioning democratic society. One short-term goal is to revive a strong independent labor movement. In its heyday, it was a critical base for advancing democracy and human and civil rights. It’s a primary reason why it’s been subjected to such unremitting attack in policy and propaganda. An immediate goal right now is to pressure Congress to permit organizing rights, the [Employee] Free Choice Act legislation. That was promised but now seems to be languishing. And a longer-term goal is to win the educational and cultural battle that’s been waged with such bitterness in the one-sided class war that the UAW president perceived far too late. That means tearing apart an enormous edifice of delusions about markets, free trade and democracy that’s been assiduously constructed over many years and to overcome the marginalization and atomization of the public.
Now, of all the crises that afflict us, I think my own feeling is that this growing democratic deficit may be the most severe. Unless it’s reversed, Arundhati Roy’s forecast might prove accurate, and not in the distant future. The conversion of democracy to a performance in which the public are only spectators might well lead to—inexorably to what she calls the “endgame for the human race.”
Thanks.
AMY GOODMAN: Noam Chomsky the renowned MIT professor, linguist, author, activist, on “Crisis and Hope: Theirs and Ours.”
|
|||
المصدر: الجزيرة
|
||||||||
وديع عواودة-حيفا شبه رئيس الكنيست الأسبق أفراهام بورغ
إسرائيل بالشيطان بسبب ما وصفه ممارساتها العنصرية والفاشية، وذلك في
محاضرة نظمتها جمعية سيكوي الإسرائيلية اليوم بعنوان المخاوف والمواقف
وأثرها على الصراع.
وأوضح بورغ ضمن محاضرته في بلدة مسغاف في
الجليل أن إسرائيل قامت من أجل حل القضية اليهودية لكنها لا تزال عالقة
بالماضي وتؤسس علاقاتها مع الآخر على خوف الإسرائيليين من بيئتهم وكأنهم
في أوروبا في القرن التاسع عشر.
وأوضح بورغ -الذي تقلد مناصب مرموقة منها
وزير الداخلية ورئيس الكنيست- أن إسرائيل تعيش على الرؤية إياها بأن
اليهود شعب بلا أرض يريد أرضا بلا شعب، وهي لا ترى الآخر وتحاول تجاوزه
بمناورات مختلفة بخلاف الواقع على الأرض.
المخاوف التاريخية
وأشار إلى أن رئيس الوزراء بنيامين نتنياهو شخّص في نهاية المطاف كسابقيه أرييل شارون وإيهود أولمرت وإسحق رابين خطأ في الإستراتيجية المذكورة. وأضاف "اعتقدت الصهيونية أن فلسطين هي
خيار فهاجر معظم اليهود من أوروبا إلى الولايات المتحدة ولاحقا تبين أن
البلاد صارت ملجأ لليهود يعبرون فيه عن مخاوفهم ويحتمون به، ما غيّر
واقعها وجوهرها".
وشدد على أن السياسات الإسرائيلية تشتق
من المخاوف التاريخية والآنية، وأن إسرائيل تقود "مسابقة صدمات" الكارثة
مقابل النكبة. واستذكر تصريح رئيس الحكومة الأسبق مناحيم بيغن حينما سئل
عن قصفه بيروت بفظاظة فقال "أشعر وكأنني أقصف خندق هتلر".
وقال بورغ إن اتفاقات أوسلو فشلت رغم
تأييد أغلبية الشعبين بها في البداية جراء عدة أسباب منها النظرة
للمفاوضات وكأنها صفقة عقارات رغم أن الصراع ليس عقاريا. وأضاف "حينما
تستأنف جولة قادمة من المفاوضات عنوة أو طواعية فلا بد من بدئها باعتراف
كل طرف بالآخر وبصدماته ومخاوفه وأوجاعه المبررة".
ونبه لوجود مواجع فلسطينية حقيقية تتحمل
الصهيونية مسؤولية بعضها وينبغي عدم التنكر لها. وتابع "لست معنيا أن أعيش
في دولة تستغل فيها الصدمة اليهودية من أجل حاجات سياسية، وسياسات إسرائيل
اليوم هي خيانة للذاكرة الجماعية اليهودية ولوعدهم أنفسهم بالتعامل مع
الآخر بما يختلف عن المعاملات التي لاقوها".
![]()
عنصرية وفاشية
وأشار إلى أن إسرائيل ينبغي أن تكون دولة كل مواطنيها ومن غير المعقول أن تهزم صبغتها اليهودية صفتها الديمقراطية. وتابع "تهيمن العنصرية والفاشية والقومية
المتطرفة على إسرائيل وتنفي عنها صفة الديمقراطية ولذا ينبغي منع احتكار
الصدمة، وعبرتي من الكارثة أن نعمل على عدم تكرارها لا على اليهود فحسب بل
على الآخرين إن كان في إسرائيل أو دارفور".
وحمل بورغ على من يتهمه بشيطنة إسرائيل
وقال إن شيطانا فيها يعمل على التمييز العنصري والفاشية وتابع "لا بأس من
كشف "غسيلنا الوسخ" فبدون ذلك لن يتم الغسيل ونتعرض لحالة نتانة ورائحة
كريهة".
وأوضح أنه في ظل شيوع أيديولوجية "اجلس
ولا تفعل شيئا" تزدهر صناعة الكذب الإسرائيلية. وقال إن المزاعم بأن كل
شيء جميل ومزدهر لا تحجب رؤية الحقيقة وهي أن 30% من تجار السلاح في
العالم هم يهود و10% منهم إسرائيليون. وتابع "هذا جزء من عمل الشيطان
المذكور، إذ إن هناك أشياء جميلة وأخرى بشعة".
![]()
واعتبر قيام طيارين إسرائيليين بالتحليق بطائرات إف 16 فوق بقايا معسكر التركيز النازي أوشفيتس قبل سنوات تعبيرا عن العجرفة والغطرسة الإسرائيلية التي قادتنا لمحاولتنا الفاشلة في إخضاع لبنان وغزة، إذ ليس هناك طائرة مقاتلة تستطيع الانتصار على الثقة والاحترام والاعتراف بالآخر". وقال بورغ الذي يتعرض لانتقادات
إسرائيلية واسعة منذ صدور كتابه "أن ننتصر على هتلر عام 2007" إن العجيبة
التي شهدتها الكارثة لا تكمن بنجاة جزء من اليهود بل بوجود أوساط إنسانية
في الطرف الآخر ساهمت بإنقاذهم وإنقاذ الكرامة الإنسانية. وتساءل "هل
لدينا مثل هذه الأوساط في تعاملنا مع الفلسطينيين في نابلس أو سخنين؟".
|
||||||||




